History

A Long History of Greatness in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences

Dr. William M. Lewis, Founding Director
Nov. 26, 1921 - May 15, 2010
Fisheries and Illinois Aquaculture Center & Department of Zoology 
Student Publications and Theses

By Roy Heidinger

William M. Lewis died peacefully in Clinton, North Carolina, at the age of 88 after several years of declining health. He is survived by his three sons and two daughters. Since 1985 he had been living near Faison, North Carolina, where he built two fish farms that allowed him to indulge in his lifetime passion for fish culture. Although nominally businesses, the fish farms were constantly in a state of flux in response to Bill's irrepressible desire to experiment.

Bill was born (1921) into a farm family in rural Faison, North Carolina. His maternal grandmother taught him to seek out rare plants and to sit in the right places to observe birds; these two pleasures he carried through the rest of his life. He spent a good deal of his youthful free time in Bear and Goshen Swamps, which were within walking distance of his home.

In his teenage years, Bill somehow reached a negotiated settlement with his father that allowed him to work with the microbiologist at a pickle plant in Faison rather than wielding a hoe in the melon fields. He chose zoology as a major at North Carolina State University, where he lived under the wing of Professor John Etchells, a microbiologist at NC State.

At NC State, Bill met Sue D Lewis, an entomologist, who held a staff position with the Department of Zoology. They were married in 1944 just as Bill entered Officer Training School at Notre Dame, which led to his assignment as Lieutenant JG in the US Navy, with duty on the battleship USS Colorado. He received serious wounds at the Battle of Leyte Gulf (a death notice was sent in error to Sue D), but recovered and went back into service.

After returning to the States in 1945, Bill entered graduate school under the supervision of Professor Kenneth D. Carlander at Iowa State University (MS 1948, PhD 1949). In 1949 he was hired as Assistant Professor in the fledgling Zoology Department at Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois. By the end of 1949 he was one of six faculty members in Zoology. He was personally recruited for the job by SIU's president, Dr. Delyte W. Morris, and asked to create a Fisheries Research Program for SIU. Two courses, Fish Management and Ichthyology, were added to the Zoology curriculum; Fish Culture was added in the 1950s. The Fisheries Research Laboratory became a reality in 1950 with Bill as Director (25% release time). In 1951 SIU entered into a cooperative agreement with the Illinois Department of Conservation, which provided funds, personnel and equipment. Some funding also was provided by the Sport Fishing Institute. Due to this agreement the laboratory was frequently referred to as the SIU Cooperative Fisheries Research Laboratory rather than the Fisheries Research Laboratory. These two names were used almost interchangeably until 1999 when, with legislative approval, the name was changed to SIUC Fisheries and Illinois Aquaculture Center.

Early fisheries research for Bill and his students consisted largely of a reconnaissance of the fish fauna of Southern Illinois. Although the Southern Illinois fishes had been collected in the nineteenth century for taxonomy, understanding of community structure and relative abundance of fishes was sketchy at best. Bill recruited graduate students who were willing and able to use nets of all kinds and, most impressively, a huge electroshocking boat that, along with its massive generator, resembled a military device (Gunning and Lewis 1957). Thousands of fish were collected, weighed, measured and aged. Community structure and species distributions were revealed and published (e.g. Lewis and Elder 1952; Lewis 1954; Gunning and Lewis 1955; Gunning and Lewis 1956a; Gunning and Lewis 1956b). Fisheries then moved on to other areas of research.

Graduate students and Bill's family life were strongly integrated in the early years before Bill and Sue D's five children began to take over the attention of their parents. There were many backyard picnics featuring Stag beer with hamburgers and a great deal of camaraderie. The Professor served a more significant paternal role for graduate students than would be typical today; many students had money problems that were not so easily resolved then as now.

Bill steered Fisheries into a research theme based on ecological studies of fishes, with much emphasis on predation (Lewis et al. 1961; Lewis 1968b). He was excited by the release of Nikolsky's (1963) book, Ecology of Fishes, and took inspiration from it. For example, Bill undertook an extensive study of feeding preferences of largemouth bass confined in large tanks and offered a mixed assortment of natural foods. The result was an electivity matrix for prey in various combinations (Lewis and Helms 1964). These studies exposed his students to the idea that, in freshwater ecosystems, food often controls the density of fish populations and vulnerability of prey controls species composition.

Another example of Bill's ecological work came from the idea that warm water fish, which are known by fish biologists to travel in spring, might leave reservoirs over the spillway in significant quantities over brief intervals. Working on Lake Murphysboro and Lake Chautauqua near Carbondale, Bill and students documented an astonishingly large number of fish leaving over the spillway within just a few days during spring peak flows, after which the exodus ceased abruptly, even though water continued to flow over the spillway (Louder 1958; Lewis et al. 1968). As a result of these research findings, several large lakes and many farm ponds in southern Illinois now have screens on their spillways.

Bill had a great interest in practical matters related to fish management. One early project involved the use of sodium cyanide rather than rotenone as a means of clearing ponds. Unlike rotenone, cyanide eliminated all aerobic eukaryotes rather than just fish, an advantage in some types of management. Fish also could be collected and placed in fresh water, where they would recover (Lewis and Tarrant 1960). The offset was handling of barrels of cyanide balls the size of chicken eggs, knowing that accidental ingestion of an amount as small as a match head would be fatal. An antidote kit was always carried into the field. Thankfully, it never had to be used because two injections were required from a pair of very large syringes. Isobornyl thiocyanate offered some selectivity and was safer to use (Lewis 1968a).

A natural way for Bill to combine his practical impulses with basic science was to study fish culture rather than natural populations or fish in the lab. The frustration was that SIU had no fish hatchery, nor was it likely to get one in those early, lean years. Bill and Sue D attended an estate auction in Murphysboro during the 1950s hoping to snag a piece of land in the Mississippi bottom. The auction was held outside, and a great rainstorm drove off most of the bidders in the middle of the action, whereupon Bill and Sue D purchased 170 acres of land at a very good price. This became the Fountain Bluff Fish Farm, where a great deal of research on many aspects of the emerging fish culture industry was conducted by Bill and his students over the next 30 years. No student will ever forget the joy of the first attempt to walk in those Mississippi River gumbo ponds. Webbed feet would have been highly desirable. Fountain Bluff had abundant groundwater from the unconsolidated American Aquifer, but the water is not ideal for fish. It has a high concentration of ferrous iron, which fish cannot tolerate. Bill expended considerable effort in learning how to make the water suitable for fish. Much of this work was not published, but his graduate students learned how to identify and deal with groundwater problems.

The Fountain Bluff Fish Farm initially raised golden shiners and fathead minnows for the bait fish industry. Later, as methods were developed to spawn channel catfish, the farm was converted to raising catfish and bluegill for stocking farm ponds. By the late 1960s after much research had been conducted by the laboratory staff, hybrid sunfish were raised for sale to pond owners (Lewis et al. 1969; Lewis and Heidinger 1971; Lewis and Heidinger 1978). The hybrids were not sterile but were primarily males, which helped overcome the problem of bluegill overpopulating in farm ponds. There was a good market for advanced fingerling largemouth bass, but it was too expensive to raise them at high densities on live forage. Bill and his staff as well as biologists at other universities developed techniques for training largemouth bass to feed on a prepared diet, which allowed largemouth bass to be raised at high density (Lewis et al. 1969; Brandenburg et al. 1979).

In the 1950s fish diseases and methods of disease control were not understood, especially for warm and cool water species. Veterinarians were not interested in these problems because the commercial market was too small. From 1951 through 1970 the Laboratory produced some 20 publications on this topic (Smith et al. 1951; Lewis and Bender 1960; Lewis 1961a; Lewis and Lewis 1963; Lewis and Summerfelt 1964; Lewis and Parker 1965; Lewis and Ulrich 1967; Lewis and Lewis 1970). Partly as an outcome of extensive lab work on diseases, Bill published a book, Maintaining Fishes for Experimental and Instructional Purposes (1963), which covered a subject on which he truly was an expert. SIU accommodated expansion in both research space and personnel of the Fisheries program. In the late 1950s, in cooperation with SIUC and the City of Carbondale, Bill had 18 one-seventh acre drainable research ponds built below the spillway of the Carbondale City Reservoir. Water was supplied by gravity to the ponds from Carbondale Reservoir. Also, considerable new office and research space was designated for Fisheries when the Life Science II building was dedicated in 1969. In 1965 the University provided Bill with a full-time secretarial position. In December 1965 he hired Bettye Doerr. Bettye remained as head secretary for the Laboratory until she retired in November 1991. Although technically not her civil service classification, she functioned as an executive secretary to both Bill and later Roy. Much of the directors' successes were due to her efforts and commitment to the Laboratory. In 1970 Dr. Roy Heidinger was appointed assistant director and in 1971 his position was changed to tenure track. Through gentle coercion with the administration, Bill had been able to have both himself and Roy assigned 75% time to the laboratory and 25% to Zoology. In 1977 the Department of Zoology hired Dr. Brooks Burr, a University of Illinois graduate trained under Dr. Phil Smith, to teach Ichthyology. Although Dr. Burr was not assigned to the Fisheries Research Laboratory, he was an integral part of the fisheries program. His addition to the Zoology faculty allowed Bill and Roy to offer their students a new advanced course in aquaculture and fisheries management.

As demonstrated by his students' theses projects and his publications, Bill became interested in an amazingly wide diversity of fisheries related areas. He and his students conducted a great deal of experimental work on use of cages for rearing catfish (Lewis and Konikoff 1970; Lewis 1971b; Konikoff and Lewis 1974; Lewis and Wehr 1975; Lewis and Sheehan 1978). Catfish were being raised successfully in ponds, but the harvesting process was laborious and inefficient. Cages offered control over the fish as well as an easy way of harvesting or sampling for evaluation. While the fish cage was an invention of centuries past, quantitative data on tolerances for crowding and the resolution of problems were worked out in detail by the Fisheries Lab.

By 1965, Sue D Lewis had at last given up her hold on entomology. Bill could not be induced to discuss insects, unless as food for fish or as an enemy of larval fish. Sue enrolled in the PhD program in Zoology at SIU under Dr. Harvey Fisher as her major advisor. Her dissertation was based on a study of osmotic challenges to fish during handling, as well as a remedy consisting of osmotically beneficial salts that reduce stress on the fish in handling (Lewis, S. D. 1971; Lewis, S. D. 1972). Her studies were supported by a National Marine Fisheries grant. She also described new protozoan parasites (e.g., Lewis S. D. 1968). Sadly, she developed multiple sclerosis in the1970s and was unable to work after 1974.

Except for staff salaries, the Fisheries Research Laboratory had very little operational money from SIU. Funding for research in the Laboratory was dependent on outside grants which accelerated greatly in the 1970s. The Laboratory obtained millions of dollars in grants from federal, state and industry sources. Two of the largest sources of grants came through the Sport Fish Restoration Funds (Dingell-Johnson funds) from the Illinois Department of Conservation (now the Illinois Department of Natural Resources) and from the electric power industry following passage of the Clean Water Act in 1972.

Industry and D J funding supported research on culture and stocking of sport fish such as striped bass and walleye. One such project, which resulted in two important reports, involved research on the tank culture of striped bass in water reuse systems. Consolidated Edison of New York was interested in stocking large numbers of young striped bass into the Hudson River to mitigate the loss of striped bass that were entrained and killed in the withdrawal of condenser cooling water (Lewis and Heidinger 1976 report to Consolidate Edison Co.). Striped bass rearing research was continued under a seven-year Illinois Department of Conservation D J grant. This work resulted in very significant findings including recognition of the problem of non-inflation of the gas bladder (Lewis et al. 1981). Consolidated Edison built a large rearing system on the Hudson River largely designed from SIU's research. A multimillion dollar project funded by Commonwealth Edison Company, Chicago, Illinois, and the Electric Power Research Institute, Palo, Alto, California, began in the 1970s. Its purpose was to investigate the potential for power cooling reservoirs to contribute to sport fisheries (Heidinger and Lewis 1986). A large fish culture unit was built by Commonwealth Edison at its LaSalle, Illinois, nuclear power plant. Fish such as smallmouth bass, sauger and striped bass were reared in this unit for many years by Fisheries Laboratory personnel. The hatchery was turned over to the state and is currently part of the Illinois Department of Natural Resources state hatchery system.

When power plants draw water from lakes and rivers for condenser cooling, fish are entrained on the intake screens. Especially large numbers of freshwater drum and gizzard shad were being entrained during the winter at the Commonwealth Edison Quad Cities nuclear power plant. Lewis and his students were able to show that a large number of these fish were dead or morbid due to cold river water before they were entrained on the screens (Bodensteiner et al. 1990; Bodensteiner and Lewis 1992; Bodensteiner and Lewis 1994). These studies pointed out the value of river backwater areas for overwintering of certain fish species. Another study funded by Commonwealth Edison (now Exelon) had the goal of rearing striped bass and walleye in its 2.8 mile cooling canal at the Quad Cities power plant. Bill served as the principal investigator on this project until 2005 when his health prevented him from traveling from North Carolina to Illinois. This project continues today under Roy Heidinger's supervision.

Lewis and his students pioneered much of the early work on the use of water reuse systems to raise fish. Various biofilters that use bacteria to convert toxic ammonia to less toxic nitrate were investigated (Lewis and Buynak 1976; Lewis et al. 1978; Lewis 1981a; Paller and Lewis 1982; Paller and Lewis 1988). During the 1970s and 80s all of his students understood the relationships between ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, oxygen, pH, temperature and oxygen as it related to fish health in these systems.

The Fisheries Laboratory's work on the use of biofiltration in fish rearing units (see this article as example) had a significant positive effect on the Laboratory's research space. Laboratory staff always needed more tank space for experiments, but the SIUC campus was not located over a good groundwater supply. Wells simply would not produce enough water to support such a facility, and it was impractical to remove chlorine from large quantities of city water. In 1986-87 a 7500-square-foot wet lab that used recycle technology was constructed on McLafferty Road in Carbondale. A large boat-equipment storage building was built adjacent to the wet lab.

Bill was intensely curious. His 121 publications illustrate the breadth of his interest. The Laboratory has file cabinets full of quarterly, annual and final grant reports. In addition to his publications, he gave hundreds of presentations at scientific meetings and by invitation at numerous other events.

A most significant product of Fisheries was graduate students (71 masters, 18 doctoral) who benefited from immersion in a research environment that was intensely active and varied. The graduates were quite successful in obtaining worthy career employment. Most doctoral students followed Bill's example with tenure-track positions in universities. Many masters students took federal or state employment, some entered the commercial sector as managers or consultants in fisheries and still others of his masters students went on to other universities for their doctoral work (see list of his students below). Zoology started its doctoral degree in 1959. In 1964 two of Bill's students, Mark Anthony and Robert Summerfelt, were in the first group of Zoology's doctoral graduates.

In addition to his teaching and graduate research program, Bill was very active in University, Department and professional societies. He served on numerous Zoology search and standing committees. He was a member of the advisory committee for more than a hundred Zoology graduate students of other faculty. Bill was nominated to serve as Chair of Zoology in 1971 but turned down the offer. A few years later he was once again offered the position. He served as Chair of Zoology from 1973 through 1978 while still serving as Director of the Fisheries Research Laboratory.

Bill's presence in committee meetings tended to have a moderating effect on the members. One of his favorite methods of controlling the outcome of a contentious meeting was to quietly sit, listen to both sides, seeming to agree with everyone. Finally, after everyone grew tired of arguing, both sides would turn to him and ask, what do you think Bill? He would then make his argument, they would agree and the outcome would be what he wanted in the first place. He once told me that the only thing he did not like about this approach was that it took too much time. At the University level he served on numerous committees (Applied Biological Science Committee, Water Resources Committee, Environmental Science Steering Committee, Graduate Review Committee, University Senate, Governance Committee of the University System, Intercollegiate Athletic Committee, Presidents Committee for the Merger of Physiology/School of Medicine, etc.). He was often called to the President's office to give frank opinions behind closed doors; he was trusted not to carry a personal agenda.

Bill was a member of the American Institute of Biological Science, Illinois Academy of Science, American Institute of Fishery Research Biologist, Ecological Society of America, and Sigma Xi. He was a life member of the American Fisheries Society (AFS). AFS was his favorite and the one in which he was most active. In 1963 he was a founding member of the Illinois Chapter of the AFS. He served as President of the Illinois Chapter of AFS in 1979. He served on many committees of the national society including Associate Editor of the Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, Certification Committee for Fish Biologist, 1st Vice-President, President-Elect and in 1982-1983 as President of the American Fisheries Society.

Bill was inducted into the AFS Fish Culture Hall of Fame in 1988. In 1995 he was given the American Fisheries Society Award of Excellence, which recognized his lifetime of service and work to the fisheries profession. He was very happy to be elected President of AFS and to have received these awards.

After Bill relinquished the Directorship of the Fisheries Research Laboratory and retired from SIU in December 1982, he went to North Carolina, but he did not give up his interest in fish. In 1983 he served as Coordinator, Fisheries and Wildlife Programs at North Carolina State. From 1983-2005 he was Visiting Professor at SIU. During this period he was principal investigator on the Quad Cities Research Project. Seven of his graduate students finished their degrees after he retired.

Retirement meant a reduction in formal responsibilities for Bill, but not a departure from the science of fisheries. He retained his research association with SIU, his fish farms in Illinois, and built two new fish farms in North Carolina. He studied fish culture in the less fertile ponds of the North Carolina coastal plain with its longer growing season and distinctive regional biotic problems. Initially, one of the fish farms was devoted to producing fish for the aquarium trade. He never initiated a formal research program in this area while at SIU, although many of his students took field trips with him to Beldt's Aquaria in St Louis. He had a long-time interest in this area while at SIU. In fact his children, under his direction, raised some species for sale in their basement at home. He had many visitors to his farms, all of whom were welcome so long as they were willing to talk about fish or at least listen to him talk about fish. It did not hurt if the visitor appreciated good wine also. Bill liked to read well beyond fisheries. He was particularly fond of documentaries and biographies about WWII. This interest was undoubtedly a result of his serving in this war. While serving as sailor one gets a limited view of what was going on, but Bill was interested in the total picture.

Bill left with an unshakable loyalty to SIU for his career there. He was proud of the success of his graduate students. Bill lived to see subsequent directors expand the Fisheries Laboratory to 7 tenure-track faculty, 2 university supported researchers, 2 office support staff, 8 full-time researchers supported on grants, 34 graduate students, a 7500-square-foot wet laboratory, a 90 pond research facility on campus and over $4.7 million dollars of grant funding in force. He also lived to see the day when the majority of fish consumed by humans would be cultured; something he predicted years ago. Bill's life revolved around family and his profession. He was a gentleman who helped many people. He was a man beloved because he projected optimism, good cheer, and boundless enthusiasm for fisheries. He will be missed by family, colleagues, students and friends.

Student Publications and Theses:

Published Papers
Lewis, W. M. 1948. Growth of the yellow bass, Morone interrupta Gill, in Clear Lake, Iowa. Iowa State College Journal of Science 22:185-195.

Lewis, W. M. 1949. The use of vertebrae as indicators of the age of the northern black bullhead, Ameiurus m. melas (Rafinesque). Iowa State College Journal of Science 23(2):209-219.

Lewis, W. M. and T. S. English. 1949. The warmouth, Chaenobryttus coronaries (Bartram), in Red Haw Hill Reservoir, Iowa, Iowa State College Journal of Science 23(4):317-322.

Lewis, W. M. and K. D. 1949. A simple method of mounting scales. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 11(4):263.

Lewis, W. M. and K. D. Carlander. 1950. Growth of the white bass, Lepibema chrysops (Rafinesque) in Clear Lake, Iowa. Iowa State College Journal of Science 34(3):273-278.

Lewis, W. M. 1949. Fisheries investigations on two artificial lakes in southern Iowa. I Fish population. Iowa State Journal of Science. 23:355-361.

Lewis, W. M. 1950. Fisheries investigations on two artificial lakes in southern Iowa. II Fish population. Iowa State Journal of Science. 24(3):287-324.

Lewis, W. M. 1950. Fisheries investigations on two artificial lakes in southern Iowa. III Fish population. Iowa State Journal of Science. 24:405-420.

Smith, C. W., W. M. Lewis, and H. Kaplan. 1951. A comparative morphologic and physiologic study of fish blood. Progressive Fish-Culturist 14:169-172.

Lewis, W. M. and D. Elder. 1952. The fish population of the headwaters of a spotted bass stream in southern Illinois. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 82: 193-202.

Lewis, W. M. 1953. An analysis of the gizzard shad population of Crab Orchard Lake. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 46:231-234.

Carlander, K. D., W. M. Lewis, G. E. Ruhr, and R. E. Cleary. 1953. Abundance, growth and condition of yellow bass, Morone interrupta Gill, in Clear Lake, Iowa, 1941 to 1951.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 82:91-103.

Schuster, G. H. and W. M. Lewis. 1954. Suspect ulcer disease in the golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas). Progressive Fish-Culturist 16:87-88.

Lewis, W. M. 1954. The fish population of the Big Muddy River. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 47:20-24.

Gunning, G. E. and W. M. Lewis. 1955. The fish population of a spring-fed swamp in the Mississippi bottoms of southern Illinois. Ecology 36(4):552-558.

Lewis, W. M. and C. Peters. 1955. Physico-chemical characteristics of ponds of the Pyatt, DeSoto, and Elkville stripmine areas of southern Illinois. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 84:117-124.

Elder, E. and W. M. Lewis. 1955. The fish population of two farm ponds in southern Illinois. American Midland Naturalist 53:390-395.

Lewis, W. M. and F. Schneidermeyer. 1955. A method of utilizing tap water for aquarium fishes. The Aquarium 24:48-49.

Lewis, W. M. and F. Schneidermeyer. 1956. Some of the effects of charcoal filtration of aquarium water. The Aquarium 25(9):281-286.

Lewis, W. M. and C. Peters. 1956. Toxicity of coal mine slag drainage to representative fishes. Industrial Wastes 1(4):145-147.

Gunning, G. E. and W. M. Lewis. 1956a. Age and growth of two important bait species in a cold-water stream in southern Illinois. American Midland Naturalist 55(1):118-120.

Gunning, G. E. and W. M. Lewis. 1956b. Fish population of Sugar Creek, Illinois. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 49:21-24.

Schneidermeyer, F. and W. M. Lewis. 1956. Utilization of the gizzard shad by largemouth bass. Progressive Fish-Culturist 18(3)137-138.

Lewis, W. M., B. Brantley, and R. Newton. 1956. Boat fishermen’s catch at Crab Orchard Lake, Horseshoe Lake and Murphysboro Lake during 1955. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 49:34-35.

Lewis, W. M. and R. Newton. 1956. Boat fishermen’s catch at Crab Orchard Lake during 1955. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 48:20-22.

Lewis, W. M. 1956. Recent collections of some less common fishes in southern Illinois. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 48:23-26.

Lewis, W. M. 1957. The fish population of a spring-fed stream system in southern Illinois. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 50:23-29.

Gunning, G. E. and W. M. Lewis. 1957. An electrical shocker for the collection of amphibians and reptiles in the aquatic environment. Copeia 1:52.

Lewis, W. M. and E. Charles. 1957. Flotation of fishes following stunning by electrical shock. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 50:38-40.

Louder, D. and W. M. Lewis. 1957. Comparison of stocking of the redear and bluegill sunfishes in southern Illinois. Progressive Fish-Culturist 19(3)140-141.

Lewis, W. M. and V.W. Cole. 1957. An aquarium filter designed for laboratory use. Turtox News 35(1):13-14.

Lewis, W. M., W. D. Klimstra and H. I. Fisher. 1957. Laboratory manual for general vertebrate Zoology (Zoology 103). Stipes Publication Co. pp. 121.

Lewis, W. M. and G. E. Gunning. 1959. Notes on the life history of the steelcolor shiner, Notropis whippiei (Girard). Transaction Illinois State Academy Science 52:59-64.

Lewis, W. M. 1960. Suitability of well water with a high iron content for warmwater fish culture. Progressive Fish-Culturist 22(2):79-80.

Lewis, W. M. and R.M. Tarrant, Jr. 1960. Use of sodium cyanide in fish management and fish culture. Progressive Fish-Culturist 22(4):177-180.

Lewis, W. M. and M. Bender. 1960. Heavy mortality of golden shiners during harvest due to a bacterium of the genus Aeromonas. Progressive Fish-Culturist 22(1):11-14.

Lewis, W. M. and M. Bender. 1961a. Free-living ability of a warmwater fish pathogen of the genus Aeromonas and factors contributing to its infection of the golden shiner. Progressive Fish-Culturist 23(3):124-126.

Lewis, W. M. and M. Bender. 1961b. Effect of a cover of duckweeds and the alga Pithophora upon the dissolved oxygen and free carbon dioxide of small ponds. Ecology 43(2):602-603.

Lewis, W. M. 1961a. Mortality of fingerling shiners as a result of becoming entangled in the alga Hydrodictyon. Ecology 42(4):834-836.

Lewis, W. M. 1961b. BHC vs. Lindane in the control of anchor worm. Progressive Fish-Culturist 23(2):69.

Cole, V. W. and W. M. Lewis. 1961. Acid production from excess sodium thiosulfate in aquariums. Turtox News 39(7):162-164.

Lewis, W. M. and R. Summerfelt. 1961. Adjustment of the alkaline reserve of lakes and ponds by addition of hydrated and agricultural lime. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 54:164-174.

Lewis, W. M., G. E. Gunning, E. Lyles and W. R. Bridges. 1961. Food choice of largemouth bass as a function of availability and vulnerability of food items. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 90(3)277-280.

Lewis, W. M. and R. Summerfelt. 1962. Use of an electric shocker in conjunction with the mark-and-recovery technique of estimating populations of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. Progressive Fish-Culturist 24(1):41-45.

Schechmeister, I. I., L. S. Jackson, V. W. Cole, and L. J. Watson. 1962. The effect of x-irradiation on goldfish. Radiation Research 16:89-97.

Lewis, W. M. O. D. McNail, and R. C. Summerfelt. 1963. A device for taking water samples in sterile bottles at various depths. Ecology 44(1):171-173.

Lewis, W. M. and S. D. Lewis. 1963. Control of epizootics of Gyrodactylus elegans in golden shiner populations. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 92(1):60-62.

Lewis, W. M., R. Summerfelt, and A. Lopinot. 1963. Results of stocking catchable sized warmwater fishes in a lake with an established fish population. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 92(3):235-238.

Lewis, W. M. 1963. Maintaining fishes for experimental and instructional purposes. Southern Illinois Univ. Press, Carbondale, Illinois. 100 pp.

Lewis, W. M., D. R. Anthony, and D.R. Helms. 1963. Selection of animal forage to be used in the culture of channel catfish. Proceedings of the 17th Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissions, pp. 364-367.

Lewis, W. M. and J. Nickum. 1964a. Rearing trout in raceways supplied by water from the hypolimnion of a stripmine pond. Progressive Fish-Culturist 26(1)27-32.

Lewis, W. M. and J. Nickum. 1964b. The effect of Posthodiplostomum minimum upon the body weight of the bluegill. Progressive Fish-Culturist 26(3)121-123.

Lewis, W. M. and R. Summerfelt. 1964. A myxosporidian, Myxobolus notemigoni sp.n., parasite of the golden shiner. Journal of Parasitology 50(3)386-389.

Lewis, W. M. and D. R. Helms. 1964. Vulnerability of forage organisms to largemouth bass. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 93(3):315-318.

Lewis, W. M. and J. D. Parker. 1965. Paraformaldehyde for control of Gyrodactylus and Dactylogyrus. Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissions, pp. 222-225.

Lewis, W. M. and S. Flickinger. 1967. Home-range tendency of the largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Ecology 38(6):1020-1023.

Lewis, S. D. 1967. Prophylactic treatment of minnow hatching ponds with paraformaldehyde for prevention of epizootics of Gyrodactylus. Progressive Fish-Culturist 29(3):160-161.

Lewis, W. M. and M. G. Ulrich. 1967. Chlorine as a quick-dip treatment for the control of gyrodactylids on the golden shiner. Progressive Fish-Culturist 29(4)229-231.

Summerfelt, R., W. M. Lewis and M. G. Ulrich. 1967a. Changes in certain blood components of goldfish maintained in sealed containers. Progressive Fish-Culturist 29(1):3-12.

Summerfelt, R., W. M. Lewis and M. G. Ulrich. 1967b. Measurement of some hematological characteristics of the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Progressive Fish-Culturist 29(1):13-20.

Summerfelt, R. and W. M. Lewis. 1967. Repulsion of green sunfish by certain chemicals. Research Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation 39(12)2030-2038.

Lewis, S. D. 1968. Myxobolus argenteus sp. n., parasite of the golden shiner. Journal of Parasitology 54(5):1034-1037.

Lewis, W. M. 1968a. Isobornyl thiocyanoacetate as a fish drugging agent and selective toxin. Progressive Fish-Culturist 30(1)29-31.

Lewis, W. M. 1968b. Predation as a factor in fish populations. Proceedings of the Reservoir Fisheries Research Symposium, Athens, GA. pp. 386-390.

Summerfelt, R. and W. M. Lewis. 1968. A water sampler employing a solenoid tripping mechanism. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 97(3):287-289.

Lewis, W. M. and R. Vanderhorst. 1968. Factors affecting food intake by the shortnose gar. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 61:376-381.

Lewis, W. M., R. Heidinger and M. Konikoff. 1968. Loss of fishes over the drop-box spillway of a lake. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 97(4):492-494.

Lewis, W. M., R. C. Heidinger and M. Konikoff. 1969. Artificial feeding of yearling and adult largemouth bass. Progressive Fish-Culturist 31(4):44-46.

Vanderhorst, R. and S. D. Lewis. 1969. Potential of sodium sulfite catalyzed with cobalt chloride in harvesting fish. Progressive Fish-Culturist 31(2):149-154.

Lewis, W. M. and S. D. Lewis. 1970. Gyrodactylus wageneri – Group, its occurrence, importance, and control in the commercial production of the golden shiner. In: S. F. Sneiszko, editor, A symposium on diseases of fishes and shellfishes. American Fisheries Society Special Publication No. 5, pp. 174-176.

Thompson, K. and W. M. Lewis. 1970. Common catfish diseases and parasites. American Fish Farmer 1(12):18-20.

Lewis, S. D. and W. M. Lewis. 1971. The effect of zinc and copper on the osmolality of blood serum of the channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque) and golden shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas (Mitchill). Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 100:639-643.

Lewis, W. M. and R. Heidinger. 1971a. Use of hybrid sunfish in the production of recreational fishing. Proceedings of the North Central Warmwater Fish Culture-Management Workshop, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, pp. 203-204.

Lewis, W. M. and R. C. Heidinger. 1971b. Aquaculture potential of hybrid sunfish. American Fish Farmer and Aquaculture News 2(5):14-16.

Lewis, W. M. and R. Heidinger. 1971c. Supplemental feeding of hybrid sunfish populations. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 100(4):619-623.

Lewis, W.M. 1971a. Food for fish. In: M. J. Walker, editor, Sport fishing USA. US. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C., pp. 34-40.

Lewis, W. M. 1971b. Use of cage culture in sport fisheries. Proceedings of the North Central Warmwater Fish Culture-Management Workshop, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, pp. 183-185.

Lewis, W. M. 1971c. Suggestions for raising channel catfish in floating cages. SIU Fisheries Bulletin No. 1, 6 pp.

Lewis, S. D. 1971a. Research on stress problems associated with harvest, handling and transport of fishes. Proceeding North Central Warmwater Fish Culture-Management Workshop, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, pp. 49-51.

Lewis, S. D. 1971b. Effects of selected concentrations of sodium chloride on the growth of channel catfish. Proceedings 25th Annual Conference South Eastern Association Game and Fish Commission, pp 459-466.

Lewis, S. D. 1972. Salt used to better catfish growth and food conversion. American Fish Farmer. Jan. 1972:10-11.

Lewis, W. M. and M. Konikoff. 1972. Cage culture of the channel catfish. Proceedings of the Missouri Catfish Conference, March 10-11, 1970. pp 30-33.

Lewis, W. M. 1972. Channel catfish farming in the U.S. SIU Fisheries Bulletin, No. 2, 16 pp.

Heidinger, R. C. and W. M. Lewis. 1972. Potentials of the redear sunfish and green sunfish hybrid in pond management. Progressive Fish-Culturist 34(2):107-109.

Lewis, W. M., L. Wehr, and D. Koehl. 1973. A preliminary evaluation of a fish diet based on roasted soybeans and fresh fish. Proceedings of the 27th Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissions (1973) pp. 460-464.

Lewis, W. M. 1973. Comments on the relationship of warmwater fish farming to the State of Illinois proposed animal waste regulations and to EPA regulations on national pollutant discharge elimination systems. SIU Fisheries Bulletin No. 3, 8 pp.

Anderson, W. and W. M. Lewis. 1974. Use of a sudden temperature decrease to reduce the excitability of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) during handling. Progressive FishCulturist 36(4):213-215.

Konikoff, M. and W. M. Lewis. 1974. Variation in weight of cage reared channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Progressive Fish-Culturist 36(3):138-144.

Wehr, L. and W. M. Lewis. 1974. An electrically operated automatic fish feeder. Progressive Fish-Culturist 36(2):117-118.

Lewis, W. M., R. C. Heidinger, W. Kirk, W. Chapman, and D. Johnson. 1974. Food intake of the largemouth bass. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 103(2):277-280.

Lewis, W. M. and L. Wehr. 1975. A fish rearing system incorporating cages, water circulation and sewage removal. Progressive Fish-Culturist 38(2):78-81.

Satchell, D. P., S. Crawford and W. M. Lewis. 1975. Status of sediment from catfish production ponds as a fertilizer and soil conditioner. Progressive Fish-Culturist 37(4):191-193.

Lewis, W. M. and G. L. Buynak. 1976. Evaluation of a revolving plate type biofilter for use in recirculated fish production and holding units. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 105(6):704-708.

Lewis, W. M., R. C. Heidinger, and R. O. Anderson. 1978. Summary and evaluation: Grass carp in the U.S. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 107(1):223-224.

Lewis, W. M., R. C. Heidinger. 1978a. Use of hybrid sunfishes in the management of small impoundments. In G. D. Novinger and J. G. Dillard, editors, New Approaches to the Management of Small Impoundments.

North Central Division American Fisheries Society Special Publication No.5, pp 104-108.

Lewis, W. M. and R. C. Heidinger. 1978b. Tailor-made fish populations for small lakes. SIU Fisheries Bulletin No. 5. 21 pp.

Lewis, W. M., J. H. Yopp, H. L. Schramm, Jr. and A. M. Brandenburg. 1978. Use of hydroponics to maintain quality of recirculated water in a fish culture system. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 107(1):92-99.

Lewis, W. M. and R. J. Sheehan. 1978. Channel catfish culture: State of the art 1976. Proceedings of the 30th Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissions (1976), pp. 234-238.

Lewis, W. M. 1978. Observations on the grass carp in ponds containing channel catfish and hybrid sunfish. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 107(1):153-155.

Brandenburg, A. M., M. S. Ray, and W. M. Lewis. 1979. Use of carp eggs as a feed for fingerling largemouth bass. Progressive Fish-Culturist 41(2)97-98.

Wawronowicz, L. and W. M. Lewis. 1979. Evaluation of the striped bass as a pond-reared food fish. Progressive Fish-Culturist 41(3):138-140.

Lewis, W. M. and R. C. Heidinger. 1979. Potentials of warmwater discharge in fish management. Farm Pond Harvest, Summer: 1979 17-19.

Lewis, W. M., J. H. Yopp, A. M. Brandenburg, and K. D. Schnoor. 1981. On the maintenance of water quality for closed fish production systems by means of hydroponically grown vegetable crops. In: K. Tiews, editor Aquaculture in heated effluents and aquaculture systems. H. Heenemann GmbH and Co., Berlin, Germany, pp. 121-129.

Lewis, W. M. 1981a. Some applications of water reuse to aquaculture. Proceedings of the 2nd British Freshwater Conference, pp 29-35.

Lewis, W. M. 1981b. Use of farm ponds for the production of food fish for home use and specialized marketing. SIU Fisheries Bulletin No. 6. 30 pp.

Lewis, W. M., R. C. Heidinger, and B. L. Tetzlaff. 1981. Tank culture of striped bass. Fisheries Research Laboratory, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL. 115 pp.

Lewis, W. M., R. C. Heidinger,M. H. Paller , and L. W. Wawronowicz, 1981. Effects of municipal sewage on fish communities in selected Illinois streams. Pages 224-240 in L. Krumholz, editor. The Warmwater Streams Symposium. Southern Division, American Fisheries Society.

Paller, M. H. and W. M. Lewis. 1982. A reciprocating biofilter for water reuse in aquaculture. Aquacultural Engineering 1(1982):139-151.

Sutton, R. J. and W. M. Lewis. 1982. Further observations on a fish production system in which plants grown hydroponically aid in maintaining water quality. Progressive FishCulturist 44(1):55-59.

Kohler, C. C. and W. M. Lewis. 1982. Use of corn distiller’s solubles from an ethanol plant for aquaculture. In: R. Swager, editor, Current alternative energy research and development in Illinois. Illinois Dept. Energy and National Resources, Springfield, IL, pp 28-30.

Paller, M. H., W. M. Lewis, R. C. Heidinger, and L. J. Wawronowicz. 1983. Effects of ammonia and chlorine on fish in streams receiving secondary discharges. Research Journal of Water Pollution Control Federation, Aug. 1983, pp. 1087-1097.

Sheehan, R. J. and W. M. Lewis. 1986. Influence of pH and ammonia toxicity on water balance in young channel catfish. Transaction American Fisheries Society 117(4):374-384.

Heidinger, R. C. and W. M. Lewis. 1986. Sport fishery potential of power plant cooling ponds: Final report. EPRI-EA-4838.

Kohler, C. C., W. M. Lewis and S. P. Krueger. 1986. Preliminary observations on use of ethanol distiller’s by-products for polyculture of freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) and golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas). In: G. L. Rodgers, R. Day and A. Lim, editors, Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Warm Water Aquaculture-Crustacea, pp 487-496.

Neto, J. R., C. C. Kohler, and W. M. Lewis. 1987. Water reuse system for the production of fingerling fishes, with emphasis on jundia (Rhamdia quelens and R. sapo). Tropical Agriculture 64(1):2-6.

Lewis, W. M. 1987. Production and stocking of fishes: observations concerning questions of potential interest to the power industry. Section 7 in: Mechanisms of Compensatory Response of Fish Populations: Workshop Proceedings. EPRI EA5202, Project 1633. R.G. Otto and Assoc. Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, pp. 1-9.

Paller, M. H., R. C. Heidinger and W. M. Lewis. 1988. Impact of chlorinated and nonchlorinated secondary and tertiary effluents on fish communities. Water Resources Bulletin 24(1)65-76.

Paller, M. H. and W. M. Lewis. 1988. Use of ozone and fluidized-bed biofilters for increase ammonia removal and fish loading rates. Progressive Fish-Culturist 50(3):141-147.

Sheehan, R.J., L. R. Bodensteiner, W. M. Lewis, D. E. Logston, and S. D. Shreck. 1990. Long-term survival and swimming performance of young-of-the-year fishes: link between physiological capacity and winter habitat requirements. Pages 98-108 in The Restoration of Midwestern Stream Habitat: Symposium Proceedings; Rivers and Streams Technical Committee, North-Central Division of the American Fisheries Society. 52nd Midwest Fish and Wildlife Conference, Minneapolis, Minnesota, December 4-5, 1990.

Bodensteiner, L. R., W. M. Lewis, and R. J. Sheehan. 1990. Differences in the physical environment of the Upper Mississippi River as factors in the overwinter survival of fish. In The Restoration of Midwestern Stream Habitat: Symposium Proceedings. Rivers and Streams Technical Committee, North-Central Division of the American Fisheries Society. 52nd Midwest Fish and Wildlife Conference, Minneapolis, Minnesota, December 4-5, 1990, pp. 109-117.

Bodensteiner, L. R. and W. M. Lewis. 1992. Role of temperature, dissolved oxygen, and backwater in the winter survival of freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens) in the Mississippi River. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49(1):173-184.

Bodensteiner, L. R., R. J. Sheehan, W. M. Lewis, and R. W. Herman. 1993. Effects of repetitive formalin treatments on channel catfish juveniles. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 5:59-63.

Bodensteiner, L. R. and W. M. Lewis. 1994. Downstream drift of fishes in the upper Mississippi River during winter. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 9(1):45-56.

Student Dissertations, Theses, and Research Papers

West, Jack. 1950. A fish population study of an artificial impoundment in southern Illinois. M.S. thesis, 43 pp.

Walker, Gene Ward. 1951. A fish population study of an artificial lake in southern Illinois. M.S. thesis, 53 pp.

Elder, David. 1951. Limnological characteristics of a series of artificial impoundments in southern Illinois. M.A. thesis, 45 pp.

Whitacre, Maurice. 1952. Fishes of Crab Orchard Lake. M.A. thesis, 41 pp.

Walker, Charles. 1952. A consideration of the physico-chemical characteristics of the Big Muddy River and its tributaries, with special emphasis on the pollution problem. M.A thesis, 34 pp.

Schuster, George. 1953. A water quality study of the Big Muddy River. M.S. thesis, 39 pp.

Gunning, Gerald. 1954. The fishes of Horseshoe Lake, Illinois. M.A. thesis, 37 pp.

Blood, Carl. 1955. Seasonal changes in the fish population of lower Clear Creek. M.A. thesis, 11 pp.

Dubets, Harry. 1955. Feeding habits of the largemouth bass as revealed by gastroscope. M.A. thesis, 12 pp.

Louder, Darrell. 1956. Escape of fishes over spillways. M.A. thesis, 10 pp.

Muench, Bruce. 1956. The screening of compounds to find a drug suitable for use on fish populations. M.S. thesis, 21 pp.

Perkins, H.E. 1956. A study of the toxicity of polluted water draining from mine wastes of southern Illinois. M.S. thesis, 10 pp.

Schmulbach, James. 1957. The life history of the central stoneroller, Campostoma anomalum pullum Agassiz. M.A. thesis, 59 pp.

Bridges, W.R. 1957. The use of sodium cyanide as a fish poison. M.S. thesis, 25 pp.

Stegman, Jerry L. 1958. The fishes of Kincaid Creek, Illinois. M.S. thesis, 38 pp.

Franklin, John. 1959. The aerobic bacterial flora occurring in the intestine of the golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas). M.A. thesis, 17 pp.

Moehn, Loren. 1959. Demonstration of low vulnerability of forage fishes to predator fishes. M.S. thesis, 22 pp.

Summerfelt, Robert. 1959. Effectiveness of certain chemicals in repelling the green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus. M.S. thesis, 200 pp.

Tarrant, Robert M., Jr. 1959. Sizes of forage fish preferred by largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) under aquarium conditions. M.S. thesis, 21 pp.

Applegate, Richard. 1961. The effect of fertilizing on the net plankton in three southern Illinois ponds. M.A. thesis, 42 pp.

Bridges, W. Leigh. 1961. Coefficients of condition and growth rates in a natural-occurring hybrid sunfish and its parental stock. M.S. thesis, 46 pp.

Plumb, John. 1963. An experiment in baiting carp to facilitate removal by poisoning. M.S. thesis, 34 pp.

Leland, Harry. 1964. Loss of cyanide from water, soil, and fishes when sodium cyanide is used as a fish poison. M.A. thesis, 25 pp.

Helms, Don. 1964. The use of formalin to control tadpoles in hatchery ponds. M. S. thesis. 29 pp.

Anthony, Mark. 1964. The utilization of selected forage organisms by channel catfish. Ph.D. dissertation, 45 pp.

Summerfelt, Robert. 1964. Blood proteins, their patterns, variations, and functions in the golden shiner, Notemigonus crysoleucas, Cyprinidae. Ph. D. dissertation, 155 pp.

Bremer, Dale. 1965. Changes in population of forage organisms associated with predation by largemouth bass and bluegill. M.A. thesis, 26 pp.

Nickum, John. 1965. Some effects of sudden temperature changes upon selected species of freshwater fishes. Ph.D. dissertation. 63 pp.

Parker, John. 1965. Seasonal occurrence transmission, and host specificity of the monogenetic trematode Gyrodactylus elegans from the golden shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas. Ph.D. dissertation, 82 pp.

Scalet, Charles. 1966. Supplementary feeding of the black bullhead and green sunfish in stripmine ponds. M.A. thesis, 28 pp.

Flickinger, Stephen. 1966. Movement and distribution of the largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) along the shoreline of a small lake. M.A. thesis, 20 pp.

Ulrich, Gene. 1966. Gaseous changes in the environment of golden shiners, Notemigonus crysoleucas, held under oxygen. Ph.D. dissertation, 50 pp.

Bulow, Frank. 1966. The suitability of stripmine ponds for use in feeding-out channel catfish. M.A. thesis, 46 pp.

Gorter, James. 1967. The use of sodium chloride to control external parasites of fishes. M.A. thesis, 49 pp.

Heidinger, Roy. 1967. Use of electrical fields for eliminating fish eggs, fry, and fingerling fishes during pumping of water. M.S. thesis, 34 pp.

Kirk, William. 1967. The nutritional value of bullfrog tadpoles, Rana catesbeiana, as forage for the largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. M.A. thesis, 29 pp.

Trickey, Roy. 1967. The effect of diuron on the cow lily and three species of duckweed. M.S. thesis, 42 pp.

Vanderhorst, Richard. 1967. The response of selected forage organisms to predation by the largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). M.S. thesis, 27 pp.

Konikoff, Mark. 1968. Feasibility of using Gambusia affinis to control mosquito breeding in final treatment ponds of a home aerobic sewage system. M.A. thesis, 31 pp.

Collins, Richard A. 1968. The effects of inorganic fertilizers and organic matter upon the production of macrobenthos in ponds. Ph.D. dissertation, 63 pp.

Wright, Lloyd. 1968. Forage size and preference of the largemouth bass. M.S. report, 20 pp.

Wheeler, Donald. 1968. The effect of temperature on the aggregation of fishes. M.S. report, 10 pp.

Howe, Peter. 1969. Chemical changes associated with the confinement of live channel catfish fingerlings (Ictalurus punctatus). M.A. thesis, 36 pp.

Chapman, Wayne. 1969. Osmotic concentration of the blood of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. M.S. report, 13 pp.

Fore, Paul. 1969. Response of freshwater fishes to artificial light. Ph.D. dissertation, 85 pp.

Smithson, James. 1969. The effects of frequency of feeding on the rate of growth and relative body fat/protein composition of the golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas). M.A. thesis, 22 pp.

Maruska, Paul. 1970. Development of a system for the removal of ferrous bicarbonate from well water. M. S. report, 9 pp.

Heidinger, Roy. 1970. Use of ultraviolet light to increase the availability of aerial insects to caged bluegill sunfish. Ph.D. dissertation, 47 pp.

Johnson, Danny. 1970. The feasibility of rearing channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, fingerlings in cages. M.S. report, 15 pp.

Standish, Robert. 1971. Spawning grounds of the white bass, Morone chrysops, in Crab Orchard Lake, Illinois. M.S. report, 36 pp.

Krummich, Jerry. 1972. Vulnerability of channel catfish fingerlings to largemouth bass. M.S. report, 11 pp.

Knable, Anthony. 1972. Effect of size and sex upon food intake of caged channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus).

Darby, Curtis W. 1972. Cage rearing of channel catfish in a highly turbid lake. M.S. report, 12 pp

Drda, Thomas. 1972. Organochloride pesticide residues of the fishes and water of Crab Orchard Lake. M.A. thesis, 22 pp.

Kirk, William. 1973. The influence of sodium chloride upon certain blood and tissue electrolytes of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, during recovery from hypoxic stress. Ph.D. dissertation, 110 pp.

Anderson, William K. 1973. Use of a sudden temperature decrease to reduce the excitability of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) during handling. M.S. report, 28 pp

Robinette, H. Randall. 1973. The effect of selected sublethal levels of ammonia on the growth of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Ph.D. dissertation, 53 pp.

Konikoff, Mark. 1973. Comparison of clinoptilolite and biofilters for nitrogen removal in circulating fish culture systems. Ph.D. dissertation, 98 pp.

Koehl, Duane. 1973. Relative ability of three benthophagic fishes to utilize infauna. M.A. thesis, 42 pp.

Dent, Ronald J. 1974. Effects upon fishes of a periodic flushing of electrical power plant boiler tubes with chlorine. M.A. thesis, 41 pp.

Shafland, Paul R. 1974. Effects of turbidity on the feeding behavior of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) in the laboratory. M.S. report, 30 pp.

Newton, Scott H. 1974. Evaluation of raceway systems for the production of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fingerlings. Ph.D. dissertation, 81 pp.

Buynak, Gerard L. 1975. Relative ability of certain fishes to utilize chironomids and oligochaetes. M.S. report, 41 pp.

Wehr, Larry W. 1976. Osmotic variation of serum of gizzard shad, Dorosoma cepedianum, in relation to seasonal temperature changes. Ph.D. dissertation, 65 pp.

Sheehan, Robert J. 1976. Effects of chlorination on ichthyophthiriasis. M.A. thesis, 40 pp.

Traxel, Richard. 1976. Commercial production of rainbow trout fingerlings in Alberta, Canada: A feasibility study. M.S. report, 65 pp.

Jilek, Reed. 1977. Observations on the incidence of Gracilisentis gracilisentis (Acanthocephala: Neochinorhynchidae) in Dorosoma cepedianum. M.A. thesis, 31 pp.

Schramm, Harold L., Jr. 1977. Temporal aspects of feeding behavior of the largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede). Ph.D. dissertation, 328 pp.

Hapeman, Mark J. 1978. The use of scavenger fish as an aid in maintaining water quality in tanks containing fingerling fish. M.A. thesis, 27 pp.

Ray, Michael. 1978. Use of fish eggs in raising largemouth bass fingerlings. M.S. research report, 15 pp.

Brandenburg, Alan. 1978. The use of carp eggs in training fingerling largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) to accept moist feed and the effects of temperature on training success. M.A. thesis, 43 pp.

Stahl, John W. 1978. Use of light to attract midges and mayflies in order to obtain their eggs. M.S. report, 34 pp.

Wawronowicz, Lawrence J. 1978. Evaluation of striped bass, Morone saxatilis, as a pond-reared food fish. M.S. research paper, 17 pp.

Beem, Roland D. 1978. The pathology of Aeromonas hydrophila infections and the immune response in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) held at high temperatures. M.A. thesis, 98 pp.

Freeman, Charlene. 1979. The role of light and surface tension in surface film respiration of Gambusia affinis (Poeciliidae). M.A. thesis, 103 pp.

Baerwald, James K. 1979. Control of ichthyophthiriasis in channel catfish with a dip treatment in malachite green plus formalin. M.A. thesis, 53 pp.

Sutton, Ronald J. 1980. Effects of elevated temperature on the performance of plants grown hydroponically to maintain water quality in a fish culture system. M.A. thesis, 110 pp.

Marcus, Robert J. 1980. The effects of daily thermocycles on growth rate and food conversion of the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). M.A. thesis, 49 pp.

Forss, Eric C. 1981. Evaluation of a recirculated water system with biofiltration for the training of largemouth bass to accept commercial type feed. M.A. thesis, 75 pp.

Jamzadeh, Mehmaz. 1981. Effects of injury by hook on channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) behavior in experimental tanks. M.S. report, 66 pp.

Schnoor, Karl David. 1982. Reduction of oxygen by the use of sodium sulfite catalyzed with cobalt chloride to facilitate harvest of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) fingerlings. M.S. report, 28 pp.

Werenski, Theodore M. 1982. Crushing fin rays as a method of marking fishes. M.A. thesis, 103 pp.

Fishella, Philip J. 1982. Effects of extended exposure to supersaturated dissolved oxygen on young bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus). M.A. thesis, 30 pp.

Beat, Thomas E. 1983. Use of outdoor tanks in combination with a recirculated water system for the production of freshwater tropical ornamental fish at a northern latitude. M.A. thesis, 68 pp.

Sheehan, Robert J. 1983. An investigation of the acute toxicity of ionized ammonia: Relationships between the toxicity of aqueous ammonia solutions, pH, and water balance in channel catfish fingerlings. Ph.D. dissertation, 122 pp.

Moy, Philip B. 1983. Behavior of larval largemouth bass and sunfish in relation to artificial cover in a surface mine lake. M.A. thesis, 23 pp.

Bodensteiner, Leo R. 1986. Effects of temperature on repair of mechanical damage in fishes. M.A. thesis, 54 pp.

Davin, William T., Jr. 1986. The effects of ciguatoxic food on a marine fish. Ph.D. Dissertation, 171 pp. ( Co-advised with Kohler)

Paller, Michael H. 1987. The use of ozone and fluidized biofilters in water re-use for aquaculture. Ph.D. Dissertation, 126 pp.

Bergerhouse, David L. 1989. Lethal effects of elevated pH and ammonia on early life stages of several sportfishes. Ph.D. dissertation, 246 pp